Analogue and Digital

Analogue

Analogue is a wave which is recorded or used in its original form. For example, in an analogue music and speech differ constantly in frequency and amplitude, just like how analogue signals can vary in frequency , amplitude or both. An example is FM and AM radio - Frequency Modulated radio and Amplitude Modulated radio. The diagram shows a typical oscilloscope trace of an analogue signal.

Digital

Digital signals are a sequence of pulses consisting of just two states which are ON (1) or OFF (0). There are no numbers or values in between. DAB radio is Digital Audio Broadcast radio - it is transmitted as digital signals


How do analogue and digital relate to film? 
Film, as we know, can be a 'chemical' or digital process. When it is a chemical process a light sensetive silver halide emulsion coated on a film base is exposed to light in a camera. This creates a latended image which is made visable by emersing the film into a chemical solution which we refer to as a 'developer' a print can then be made by projecting the image from the film onto sensitized photographic paper and processing the paper through a number of chemical baths. Digital imaging does not require chemicals, digital images are captured using arrays of photo sensers and these images are then processed by specialised software, prints can be made through ink jet printers. In everyday speak people commonly refer to chemical photography as analogue to contrast it with the digital process, here, analogue is refering a signal whos output is propotional to the input. A good example for analogue in tradicional photography is a light meter where light falls on a photo cell which generates an electrical current moving a needle over a scale the more bright the light is the more the needle moves. Ironically, the sensor in a digital camera is also analogue: each one of the millions of pixels which constitute the sensor is a light sensetive photo cell generating a tiny electrical current which is responding to light/ the brighter the light the stronger the current. 

Film and video

notes:
early 50s videos
Beta tapes mainly used in tv
only big budget tv were shot on film
tv started to move onto video once available
digital videos started in the 70s first introduced commercially 1986
it led to Dv tapes large and small








The history of films started in 1890 with the new invention of the first ever motion picture camera and the establishment of the first film production companies and cinema's. The first films made of the 1890s were all under a minute until 1927, these motion pictures were produced without sound. In 1906 Mitchell and Kenyon filmed at a fairground, this also included to sound or colour.




Film is a chemical process which is used for analogue recording, copying, playback, broadcasting and display of moving visual and audio media on an item called celluloid. Celluloid is a transparent, flammable plastic made in sheets from camphor and nitrocellulose, it was used for making cinematographic films. In 1889, George Eastman made celluloid films commercially available.


The first celluloid film was a size 16mm which is pretty small but it was still good enough for cinema. Because of the size the films usually would come out grainy since it would have to be stretched out pretty far. As the quantity of film and film makers got bigger the demand for standardization grew. Between 1900 and 1910 film formats slowly became standardized and film stocks improved. Eastman increased the length of rolls to 200 feet. 35mm began to become very popular because of the popularity of Edison's and Lumière's cameras. 35mm is better quality because it has a bigger frame so to stretch it out you wouldn't lose as much quality as you would with the 16mm.


DV tapes were first used in ____. It is a format medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting and display of moving visual and audio media on magnetic tape.




















Video is an electronic medium used for analogue recording, copying, playback, broadcasting and display of moving visual and audio media on magnetic tape using an analogue video signal


Digital video is a type of digital recording system that works by recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display using a digital rather than an analogue video signal.


digital cinematography is the process of capturing motion pictures as digital video images as opposed to the historical use of motion picture film. Digital capture may happen on video tape, hard disks, flash memory, or other media which can record digital data through the use of a digital movie video camera or other digital video camera.

Manipulation of diegetic time and space

http://ashleighevers.wordpress.com/2012/09/26/manipulation-of-diegetic-time-and-space/
^ (Check website when you get home for more information)

What is diegesis:
Diegesis is a style of fiction story telling when the narrator tells the audience what the world is like in the characters life. The narrator could speak as a particular character or maybe the all knowing narrator who talks from "outside" in the form of commenting on the action or the characters.

Mimesis is a similar style of fiction story telling but instead of the narrator telling the audience what the world of the characters is like the narrator shows it instead through the characters acting the things they are trying to show the audience without actually telling them.

The reason diegetic not mimetic is used as a descriptor for the film world is that in film the film maker is seen as a narrator character using technical and performance elements (camera angle, point of view, gesture, cut..) to 'whisper' to the audience



Manipulation of diegetic time and space is an editing technique used to portray time unusually. Editorial techniques such as ellipsis and expansion of time manipulate the time as it is experienced by the audience. Flash backs, where the characters think back to the past and see images in their head from the past, are used to show the audience the interior images of their mind. At home what they are thinking about on the screen, or they could have flash forwards into the future where the characters are thinking about something that could possibly happen. It can also be used to show the environment or an object changing in a period of time, an example of this can be seen from a scene from the Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban film in which Harry Potter and Hermione are able to visit the past using a certain object.


The video below is another example of manipulation of diegetic time and space. Here Indiana Jones partner was meant to pass him the whip so he can also jump over but he didn't and the door started to shut quite drastically fast but as Indiana struggled to jump over the camera was faced away from the door but it was on Indiana, then the scene cuts and shows the door still closing but the door hasn't closed as much as it should have in the time Indiana was struggling. After he manages to jump over the door still hasn't shut and he quickly slides underneath the door just in time.

That was a manipulation of time because they kept cutting the scene to give Indiana more time to struggle to try get over but still manage to get through the door in time. In effect, what the editor has done is not cut forward to where the door would have lowered to in real time when he cuts back to the door but instead he cuts to a point in the doors tedractory earlier than its real times decent which elongates the fall of the door

Shot Variation

What is it?
Shot Variation is used in filming to make a sequence of images using movement. Some of the types of shots used are wide shot, long shots and medium shot. A wide shot is generally used at the start of a sequence to set the tone of the scene and to introduce us to the location and let the audience understand the concept of the scene. Long shots are used to enable the audience to focus on a certain character, this is commonly used to introduce the main characters. A medium shot are primarily used in dialogue scenes or action scenes to let the audience follow the narrative.


Shot variation is used a lot in action films when a fast paced scene is being shot. In addition to a high number of cuts in a short space of film time the variation of shots and dynamism also help to fasten the pace of the scene.

Here is an example of a fast paced action scene that uses a variation of shots.

This particular scene needed the shot variation along with the cuts because it is meant to be a fast paced scene, this is where the scene gets more intense and dramatic for the audience and the shot variation and cuts made help keep the audience at the edge of their seat.
3 shots rather than one are used to pan across the racing cars making the movement more dynamic.
several shots are used to establish the yellow car and its driver rather than just one again increasing dynamism and pace.




The video below is an example of when a variety of shots aren't needed. This is meant to be a slow paced scene because the characters find out something they find fascinating which the audience don't know about yet so the keeps the scene very still and keeps the tension which helps the audience stay curious and when they find out what the characters are looking at it makes it more dramatic for them.

These two scenes contrast strongly with one another
shot variation and increase in the number of cuts in scene time together make the action chase scene on the highway in transformers dynamic and fast paced. Whereas the relative lack of shot variation in the Jurassic park scene and longer takes builds a sense of gradualism. The gradualism of the amazing spectical dawning in the consciousness of first one archaeologist and then his partner. The gradualism of the brachiosaures

Multiple points of view

What is it:
Multiple points of view (MPOV) is when a number of different camera angels used to film a single event. The difference between 'following the action' and 'multiple points of view' is in the latter we are usually following that single event. This helps the audience see a bigger picture and helps them understand fully what is going on and it also makes it more dynamic to watch. This method could also be used to trick the audience into thinking something completely different to what was actually happening. Without seeing the whole picture it gives us different impressions.

Here are some examples


In this example I think that MPOV is used here to show all the different things this individual is doing and to make it more interesting for the audience to watch.



This example shows us everything this person is doing so the audience doesn't miss out on anything that does happen. This is also to make sure if anything interesting happens, it is shot on camera.


 This example shows how at different angles can change the audiences views completely. It shows us 3 examples of how at different angles can give us different opinions.

Following The Action

What is it: 
The phrasal term 'Follow The Action' is where where the filmmaker follows all the movements that the character is making when they move from location to location. There will normally be more than one camera shooting the action in the various locations. This provides the editor with a range of footage to choose from when the entire sequence is being put together. The editor will  switch between camera angels depending what the actor/subject is doing. This effect usually gives more depth to what you are watching instead of just watching one camera action all the way through.The shot variation enables the editor to combine shots to conserve continuity. The audience feel like they are seeing all the action that is happening all at once which makes it more exciting to watch.The different shots could be panning, over the shoulder, close ups, mid shots and establishing shots.

Here are some examples of follow the action shots:

In Camera Editing

What is it: 
The phrase 'In-camera editing' refers to the process of editing a sequence inside the camera
 after shooting by pausing the recording between shots at precise points so that no cutting is required afterwards. The cinematographer shoots the sequences in a certain way instead. So there is no editing after shooting because it would have already been done while shooting.
The whole process takes a lot of planning so that everything is in order and organised when it comes to shooting and presenting it.


Pros:
The technique is good because it reduces the cost of the production. When the cost of film was a significant fraction of the budget, film makes would use this technique to maximize the film usage.
Another thing is technique is good for will be saving time, even though you might take longer to plan the film, once you have finished shooting there is nothing else to do but present it.
This technique is also useful to those who's editing skills are not as good as their shooting skills.

Cons:
This technique involves a lot of multi tasking since you are doing two things at once

How to do it: 
In camera editing is not really editing at all, instead it refers to the process of shooting your film sequentially so that each shot is in order, and at whatever the length you finished shooting will be the length of your finished film.

Learning intentions

For this unit my three learning intentions will be to understand the development and principles of editing, the purposes of editing and the conventions and techniques of editing. These 3 targets will help me complete this unit. This unit will help me understand the moving image post production process, this will also teach me how my work can affect the final outcome of a production.